Advertising in mass media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advertising in mass media - Essay Example Unlike other forms of indoctrination; this approach is mild and oblique in its approach. Advertisers do not challenge prevailing values and ideas. They preferred to introduce new terms of fulfillment and satisfaction. The most predominant theme echoed in several advertisements throughout the ages is the superiority of capitalism and consumer culture. Marketers make it appear as though consumer goods are the ultimate solution for contemporary problems. They tend to obscure distinctions between the rich and poor or the lower and the upper class. Several advertisements contain seemingly exclusive products that should be a reserve for the well to do. However, through the phenomenon of mass production, these products can be accessed by any member of society. Marchand describes several instances in which mass media specialists of the 1920s sought to convince buyers that their products would equalize their status (82). A wealthy socialite could afford the finest china or expensive butler, but they still enjoyed the same brand of coffee that typical citizens bought. Alternatively, a marketer might claim that their soap could make women’s hands just as soft as their favorite socialite. In society today, advertisers use celebrities to endorse their products, and make them seem accessible to the common man. These media bodies illustrate that consumer products accord similar comforts to all members of society and thus endorse the status quo. The subtle message behind such advertisers is to obscure the economic inequalities inherent in any capitalist society. If consumers heed to these ideas, they will learn to accept their place in the existing social order. Revolts against the elite or other similar controllers of wealth would be unnecessary if people of all walks of life could enjoy similar things. Furthermore, political leaders would not need to organize a massive wealth redistribution program since the electorate was already satisfied with

Penicillins Structure and Function

Penicillins Structure and Function Rachael Sim Hwee Ling A Molecule that Shapes the World – C16H18N2O4S The discovery of penicillin has revolutionized the world of medicine and saved millions of lives. Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi  [1]. Antibiotics are specific substances derived from living organisms that can inhibit the life processes of other organisms  [2]. Penicillin is effective against a range of bacteria such as staphylococciand streptococci and bacteria causing diseases like meningitis and gonorrhea  [3]. Unlike sulfanilamide which is toxic to the kidney, penicillin has no harsh effects. It is non-irritating and can be applied to tissues directly  [4]. During World War II, the administration of penicillin to the wounded soldiers greatly reduced their chanceS of injury infection and raised their survival chances in the interim time between the wounding and surgery (14 hours for the Allied Forces), thus dramatically reducing the need for amputations and the death toll from infected wounds  [5]. Today, penicillin is still commonly used to treat conditions. Penicillin is often prescribed after dental surgery to prevent infections  [6]. The diseases and infections mentioned above are caused by bacteria. Almost all bacteria have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, a rigid but elastic structure, that protects the underlying protoplast from mechanical damage and prevent it from bursting under osmotic pressure. Peptidoglycan is made up of long polysaccharide chains that are cross-linked via flexible peptide bridges  [7]. The synthesis of bacterial cell wall is catalyzed by the enzyme transpeptidase. Such synthesis is essential to the growth, cellular reproduction and maintaining the structure of bacteria. In 1965, Tipper and Strominger hypothesized that penicillin kills bacteria by blocking the action of the transpeptidase that catalyzes the last step of synthesis which involves the cross-linking of different peptidoglycan chains, thus inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall  [8]. Water then enters the cell causing it to swell and explode. This essay will discuss how penicillin’s shape, structure, instability enable it to inhibit the action of transpeptidase, examine the science behind penicillin’s reaction, how the structure and size influence its effectiveness and the significance of the lack of symmetry. Penicillin structure consists of a thiazolidine ring fused to a ÃŽ ²-lactum ring to which a variable R group is attached by a peptide bond. (Fig 1) Penicillin G (Fig 2), which has a benzyl side-chain, is often regarded as the prototype of the class as it is one of the first-generation penicillin that can be obtained directly from the fungi. It is the most potent of the class against susceptible gram-positive bacteria and is still widely used.[9] Penicillin G is only effective against gram-positive bacteria in which the transpeptidases are directly accessible. Fig 1: General Penicillin molecule with R side chain, 3 chiral centres (*) and a ÃŽ ²-lactum ring (blue) Fig 2: Natural penicillin-G where R = benzyl group Fig 3: D-Alanyl-D-alanine which closely resembles penicillin (In D-amino acid, with the H atom pointing up and looking down from the H atom and moving anti-CW, the amino acid has the order COOH, R, NH2) One explanation about the mechanism of action of penicillin is that it mimics the shape and structure of the D-alanine-D-alanine termini of bacterial peptidoglycan (the usual substrate) and is thus recognized by transpeptidases  [10]. The transpeptidase enzyme reacts preferentially and binds irreversibly with penicillin. The penicilloyl-enzyme formed is stable and does not react any further  [11]. The free COOH group present mimics that of terminal carboxyl of D-alanine-D-alanine and is needed for penicillin to bind at the active site  [12]. The similarities in their molecular structures can be clearly observed in Fig1 and Fig3. Furthermore, as penicillin lacks symmetry, its mirror images are non-super-imposable. In order for penicillin to be biologically active, the 3 chiral centres in penicillin must be in the configuration in Fig1  [13]. As penicillin’s activity is stereo-dependent, penicillin synthesized must be enantiopure and the arrangement of the groups relativ e to one another should resemble that of D-alanine-D-alanine. This also explains penicillin non-toxicity. D-alanine only occurs in the cell wall of bacteria and all the proteins within our body are built up from L-amino acids. Hence, penicillin kills bacteria but will not adversely affect humans.  [14] Another explanation also relates to the structure of penicillin and the instability of the cyclic amide in ÃŽ ²-lactum ring which is fused to the thiazolidine ring. Research by Strominger has shown that the activity of penicillin is due to the inherent strain of the four-membered ring or to the reduced amide resonance  [15]. In the four-membered ring, the C and N atoms are forced to have a bond angle of approximately 90 ° which is far below the preferred bond angle for singly-bonded sp3 hybridised carbon and nitrogen atoms (109.5 °) and doubly-bonded sp2 hybridised carbon atom (120 °). This put the small ring under great ring strain which is further aggravated by the five-membered thiazolidine ring fused with it. X-ray crystallography has also showed that the two fused rings and the amide bond is non-planar. This leads to a loss of resonance stabilization normally found in these amide bonds  [16]. These make the amide group more reactive. Penicillin acylates the enzyme and form an open chain compound to relieve the strain. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the –COOH group in penicillin’s structure contributes to penicillin’s widely varying acylating ability and its ability to travel through bodily fluids unaltered and only target transpeptidase in bacteria. Experimental data obtained from inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory suggests that the activity of penicillin is pH dependent  [17]. Under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4), penicillin’s -COOH group is deprotonated. As COO and the lone pair of electrons of N are on the same face of the molecule, the COO will repel the lone pair of electrons on the N atom. This shortens the amide bond, increases its strength and decrease the acylating power of the lactam ring  [18]. When near the active site of transpeptidase, COO group is protonated and the ÃŽ ²-lactum amide bond regains its strong acylating power  [19]. The 2 CH3 group is also important for activation as research has found no activity for penicillin analogues with these groups removed.  [20] At the active site, the science of reaction is as follows. The nucleophilic –OH group of the serine residue attacks and opens the ring. A covalent bond is formed between the serine on the enzyme and the penicillin molecule  [21], irreversibly inhibiting the normal function of the enzyme and kills the bacterial cell. The R group in the penicillin structure determines the effectiveness of the penicillin drug. Penicillin-G cannot be consumed orally as gastric acid will catalyze the hydrolysis of the highly unstable ÃŽ ²-lactum ring, destroying its antibiotic properties. The ÃŽ ²-lactum ring is also susceptible to attack by O atom of the neighboring carbonyl group. To prevent this, we can choose an electron withdrawing R group to decrease the nucleophilicity of the carbonyl oxygen on the acyl side chain to reduce the self destructive mechanism[22]. To avoid degradation by penicillinase enzyme, we can choose a bulky R group as a steric shield. The small size of penicillin molecules increases their potency as it enables them to penetrate the entire depth of the cell wall. In conclusion, penicillin-G is a molecule that was cleverly designed molecule by nature. All features in its structure – its bicyclic system, unstable ÃŽ ²-lactum ring, COOH group, stereochemistry and size is essential and influence its effectiveness. They enable penicillin to irreversibly react with transpeptidases, kill harmful bacteria and by doing so, save lives and shape the world. [1] penicillin. (n.d.)The American Heritage ® Medical Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved January 31 2015 fromhttp://medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/penicillin [2] antibiotic. (n.d.)The American Heritage ® Medical Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved January 31 2015 fromhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antibiotic [3] penicillin. (n.d.)Dorlands Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved January 31 2015 fromhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/penicillin [4] Fleming, A. (1929). On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae.British journal of experimental pathology,10(3), 226. Couteur, P., Burreson, J. (2004). Wonder Drugs. InNapoleons buttons: 17 molecules that changed history. Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin: New York. [5] Medicine and World War Two. (2014, January 1). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medicine_and_world_war_two.htm [6] Ross-Flanigan, Nancy; Uretsky, Samuel. Penicillins.Gale Encyclopedia of Childrens Health: Infancy through Adolescence. 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3447200431.html [7] Graumann, P. (2007).Bacillus: Cellular and molecular biology(p. 333). Norfolk: Caister Academic Press. [8] Tipper, D., Strominger, J. (1965.). Mechanism Of Action Of Penicillins: A Proposal Based On Their Structural Similarity To Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1133-1141 [9] Penicillins. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from http://www.emedexpert.com/compare/penicillins.shtml#4 [10]Tipper, D., Strominger, J. (1965.). Mechanism Of Action Of Penicillins: A Proposal Based On Their Structural Similarity To Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1133-1141. [11] Berg, J., Tymoczko, J. (2002). Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Kinetics. InBiochemistry(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. [12] Tipper, D., Strominger, J. (1965.). Mechanism Of Action Of Penicillins: A Proposal Based On Their Structural Similarity To Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1133-1141. [13] Bentley, R. (2004). The Molecular Structure of Penicillin.Journal of Chemical Education,1462-1462. [14] Otter, C. (2008). Chemical ideas (3ed. ed.). Oxford [u.a.: Heinemann Educational. [15] Strominger, J.L. (1967) . Enzymatic reactions in bacterial cell wall synthesis sensitive to penicillins, cephalosprins and other antibacterial agents. Antibiotics, 705–713 [16] J. C. Sheeman, The enchanted Ring: The Untold Story of Penicillin, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982 J. R. Johnson, R. B. Woodward and R. Robinson, in The Chemistry of Penicillin, ed. H. T. Clarke, J. R. Johnson and R. Robinson, Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, 1949, ch. 15, pp. 443–449. [17],18,19 Mucsi, Z.; Chass, G.A.; Abranyi-Balogh, P.; Jozart, B.; Fang, D.-C.; Ramirez-Cuesta, A.J.; Viskolcz, B.; Csizmadia, I.G. Penicillin’s catalytic mechanism revealed by inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 20447–20455 [18] [19] [20] S. Wolfe, J. C. Godfrey, C. T. Holdrege and Y. G. Perron, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1963, 85, 643 ; S. Wolfe, J. C. Godfrey, C. T. Holdrege and Y. G. Perron, Can. J. Chem., 1968, 46, 2549.; J. Hoogmartens, P. J. Claes and H. Vanderhaeghe, J. Med. Chem., 1974, 17, 389;T. K. Vasudevan and V. S. R. Rao, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 1982, 4, 219. [21] Yocum, R., Strominger, J., Rasmussen, J., Waxman, D. (1979). Mechanism of Penicillin Action: Penicillin and Substrate Bind Covalently to the Same Active Site Serine in Two Bacterial D-alanine Carboxypeptidases.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2730-2734. [22] Proctor, P., Gensmantel, N., Page, M. (1982). The chemical reactivity of penicillins and other ?-lactam antibiotics.Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2,1185-1185.

Americas Crime Fighters Need DNA Fingerprinting Essay -- Genetic Argu

America's Crime Fighters Need DNA Fingerprinting Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a chemical structure containing a base sequence. Base pairs are genetic codes made up of four chemicals (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine) and each sequence differs in every person. Because DNA is so complex and varies immensely in individuals, it can be used like a fingerprint, hence the name DNA Fingerprinting. DNA can be found and analyzed in blood, semen, saliva, hair and skin--even decades old if properly stored. The process takes longer than simple fingerprinting and is very expensive, but the results are almost perfect in determining identity. While these tests are very accurate, there is a 1 in 50 billion chance that two people will have an identical match. According to Kate Brinton and Kim-An Lieberman, the applications of DNA Fingerprinting are mainly Criminal Identification and Forensics, Paternity and Maternity tests, and Personal Identification (Applications link). Many court cases have been resolved through DNA testing , and because of today’s technology, it should be used more often in all necessary circumstances. Thomas H. Murray from Case Western Reserve University stated in 1987, â€Å"The moral significance of humankind is no more threatened by peeking at the underlying musical notation, the base sequences, than is the score of Beethoven’s last symphony diminishing to that piece of work.† In other words he is saying that analytical results from a base sequence should not affect someone’s moral views on DNA testing. As to who should be able to analyze your DNA and how long it remains on record, results should be as available as any other form of identification. DNA testing was first developed in... ...cation of many people possible. Finally, when a person is monitored or screened in the workplace for possible illnesses, they must understand that it is beneficial for them as well as other employees in the workplace. Results relate to the presence of mutated DNA strands and should be reflected on the person’s current physical condition as well as their past. This makes any changes to the workplace environment more accurate and logical. If any instance calls for DNA testing, results should be filed when the issue is resolved. People need to know of any concerns with their DNA to determine possible solutions. These solutions can be preventative medications or a recommendation to work in safer environments. Whether it needs to be viewed by doctors, researchers, or for criminal investigations, results should be as available as any other form of identification.

Record Labels

HOME FREE DRUM BREAKS EQUIPMENT-REVIEWS RECORD-LABEL-CONTACTS HIP-HOP-INSTRUMENTALS ABOUT RECORD LABEL CONTACTS 143 Records 530 Wilshire Blvd. , Suite 101 Santa Monica, CA 90401 Phone: 310-899-0143 Fax: 310-899-0133 A&M Records 1416 North Lebrea Ave. Hollywood, CA 90028 Aftermath Records 2220 Colorado Blvd. Santa Monica, CA 90404 Phone: 310-865-7642 Fax:310-865-7068 American Recordings 3500 West Olive Ave. Suite 1550 Burbank, CA 91505 Capital Records A&R Dept 1750 North Vine & Hollywood Hollywood, CA 90028 Phone: 323-462-6552 Cash Money Records P. O. Box 547 St. Rose, LA 70087 Chrysalis Music Valerie L. Patton 500 Melrose Ave. , Suite 207 Los Angeles, CA 90069-5145 Phone: 310-967-0303 Fax: 310-652-2024 Geffen Record Co. 9130 Sunset Blvd. , Suite 1230 Los Angeles, CA 90069 Gramophone P. O. Box 910 Beverly Hills, CA 90213 Interscope Records 10900 Wilshire Blvd. , Suite 1230 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Maverick Music Co. 8000 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90048 MCA Records 70 Universal City P laza[/B] University, CA 91608 Motown Records 5750 Wilshite Blvd. , Suite 300 Los Angeles, CA 90026 Quincy Jones Music 3800 Barham Blvd 503 Los Angeles, CA 90068 Phone: 323-882-1337 Fax: 323-874-4236 Reprise Records 3300 Warner Blvd.Burbank, CA 91510 Revolution Records 8900 Wilshire Blvd. Beverly Hills, CA 90211 Rhino Entertainment 10635 Santa Monica Blvd. , 2nd floor Los Angeles, CA 90025 Virgin Records 338 N. Foothill Rd. Beverly Hills, CA 90210 Warner Bros. Records 3300 Warner Blvd. Burbank, CA 91505 Windham Hill Records 75 Willow Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025 NEW YORK RECORD LABEL CONTACTS Angel/Virgin Classics Records 810 Seventh Ave. New York, NY 10019 Arista Records 6 W. 57th St. New York, NY 10019 Atlanta Records 75 Rockefeller Plaza New York, NY 10019 Bad Boy Entertainment 1540 Broadway 30th Floor New York, NY 10036 Blackground Records 9 West 27th St. New York, NY 10001 Phone: 212-684-1975 Fax: 212-684-1624 Blue Note Records 1290 Sixth Ave. New York, NY 10019 BMG/RCA Records 1540 Broadway, 9th floor New York, NY 10036 Columbia Records 550 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10022 DAS Communications 83 Riverside Dr. New York, NY 10024 Phone: 212-877-0400 Fax: 212-595-0176 East/West Records 75 Rockefeller Plaza New York, NY 10019 Ebony Son Management c/o Chaka Zulu 1867 7th Ave. , Suite 4C New York, NY 10026 Phone: 917-449-2619 Fax: 212-665-9634 [email  protected] com EMI Music Publishing NY c/o Paul Morgan 1290 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10104Phone: 212-492-1200 Fax: 212-492-1865 [email  protected] com Island Records (Polygram) 825 Eighth Ave. New York, NY 10019 LaFace Records Flent Coleman 6 West 57th St. New York, NY 10019 Matador Records 676 Broadway New York, NY 10012 Mercury Records 825 Eighth Ave. New York, NY 10019 Nonesuch Records 590 Fifth Ave. , 16th floor New York, NY 10036 Rockwilder Entertainment Ellis Entertainment 900 South Ave. , Suite 300 Staten Island, NY 10314 Phone: 718-568-3655 Fax: 718-568-3643 [email  protected] com Sire Records 7 5 Reckefeller Plaza New York, NY 10019 Tommy Boy Records Ian Stemmans 902 Broadway, 13th floorNew York, NY 10010 Phone: 212-777-0281 Trackmasters Entertainment 550 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10022 Phone: 212-833-7962 Fax: 212-833-4797 TVT Records Rell Lefarg 23 East 45th St. New York, NY 10003 Phone: 212-979-6410 Verve Records 825 Eighth Ave. New York, NY 10019 Warlock Records, Inc. 126 Fifth Ave. , 2nd floor New York, NY 10011 Phone: 212-206-0800 Fax: 212-206-1949 Zomba / Jive Records Jimmy Mays 137-139 West 25th St. New York, NY 10001 Phone: 212-727-0016 OTHER U. S. RECORD LABEL CONTACTS ASCAP Moe Rodriquez, Regional Rep P. O. Box 14189 Gainesville, FL 32604 Phone: 352-377-1003 Fax: 352-377-0590 [email  protected] net A Touch of Jazz 444N. Third St. Philadelphia, PA 19123 Phone: 215-928-9192 Fax: 215-928-9487 Cash Money Records P. O. Box 547 St. Rose, LA 70087 Phone: 504-466-5115 Fax: 504-466-7575 Darkchild Entertainment 503 Doughty Rd. Pleasantville, NJ 08232 Phone: 609-652-7906 Fax: 609-407-0596 Flyte Tyme Productions 4100 West 76th St. St. Edina, MN 55435 Phone: 612-897-3901 Fax: 612-897-1942 www. flytetyme. com Freeworld Entertainment 576 A Trabert Ave. NW Atlanta, GA 30309 Phone: 404-351-6680 Fax: 404-351-1354 Hardball Records Pablo Casals 350 Lincoln Rd. , Suite 316 Miami Beach, FL 33139 Phone: 305-674-7044Fax: 305-674-7501 Keep Close Entertainment Tony Rudd 2700 SF Charles Rd Bellwood, IL 60104 Phone: 708-701-9491 LaFace Records 3350 Peachtree Rd. , Suite 1500 Atlanta, Ga 30326 Phone: 404-848-8050 Fax: 404-848-8051 PriceWriteProductions PriceOne Luke Records Julian Boothe Miami, FL Phone: 305-532-7696 Mammoth Records 101 B St. Carrboro, NC 27510 Miles Ahead Entertainment Sheila Eldridge 380 Piermont Ave. Hillsdale, NJ 07642 Phone: 201-722-1500 Fax: 201-722-1119 Rap-A-Lot Records P. O. Box 924190 Houston, TX 77292 Phone: 713-335-1600 Rounder Records 1 Camp St. Cambridge, MA 02140 Slip-N-Slide Records Keith Hamilton 9 Miami Gardens Dr. , Suite 128 Miam i, FL 33169 Phone: 305-770-077 So So Def Recordings 685 Lambert Dr. Atlanta, GA 30324 Phone: 404-888-9900 Fax: 404-888-9901 Soundbwoy Entertainment Lancelot 2221 N. E. 164th, Suite 255 North Miami Beach, FL 33160 Phone: 305-769-9700 Fax: 305-769-6990 T-Luv Management 3018 Gary Drive St. Louis, MO 63121 Phone: 314-385-1848 Fax: 314-383-2393 Untouchables Entertainment Group 100 Piermont Rd. Closter, NJ 07624 Phone: 201-767-6924 Fax: 201-784-3879 Warner/Chappell Music Latin Division 763 Collins Ave. , Suite 301 Miami, FL 33139 Phone: 305-534-1010 Fax: 305-534-1082 Wish RecordingsIan Burke PMB 145, 541 10th St. Atlanta, GA 33018 Phone: 404-627-8329 Wright Stuff Records Donna Wright P. O. Box 2600 Windmere, LF 34786 Phone: 407-291-8333 ext 1 Fax: 407-291-6946 Voice: 800-222-6000 wrightstuffmanagement. com Worldwide Entertainment Kevin Wales Atlanta, GA 404-760-0599 Go To TopAdministration Login Copyright  © 2012 HOME FREE DRUM BREAKS EQUIPMENT-REVIEWS RECORD-LABEL-CONTACTS HIP-HOP-INST RUMENTALS ABOUT RECORD LABEL CONTACTS 143 Records 530 Wilshire Blvd. , Suite 101 Santa Monica, CA 90401 Phone: 310-899-0143 Fax: 310-899-0133 A&M Records 1416 North Lebrea Ave. Hollywood, CA 90028 Aftermath Records 220 Colorado Blvd. Santa Monica, CA 90404 Phone: 310-865-7642 Fax:310-865-7068 American Recordings 3500 West Olive Ave. Suite 1550 Burbank, CA 91505 Capital Records A&R Dept 1750 North Vine & Hollywood Hollywood, CA 90028 Phone: 323-462-6552 Cash Money Records P. O. Box 547 St. Rose, LA 70087 Chrysalis Music Valerie L. Patton 8500 Melrose Ave. , Suite 207 Los Angeles, CA 90069-5145 Phone: 310-967-0303 Fax: 310-652-2024 Geffen Record Co. 9130 Sunset Blvd. , Suite 1230 Los Angeles, CA 90069 Gramophone P. O. Box 910 Beverly Hills, CA 90213 Interscope Records 10900 Wilshire Blvd. , Suite 1230 Los Angeles, CA 90024Maverick Music Co. 8000 Beverly Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90048 MCA Records 70 Universal City Plaza[/B] University, CA 91608 Motown Records 5750 Wilshite Blvd. , Suite 3 00 Los Angeles, CA 90026 Quincy Jones Music 3800 Barham Blvd 503 Los Angeles, CA 90068 Phone: 323-882-1337 Fax: 323-874-4236 Reprise Records 3300 Warner Blvd. Burbank, CA 91510 Revolution Records 8900 Wilshire Blvd. Beverly Hills, CA 90211 Rhino Entertainment 10635 Santa Monica Blvd. , 2nd floor Los Angeles, CA 90025 Virgin Records 338 N. Foothill Rd. Beverly Hills, CA 90210 Warner Bros. Records 3300 Warner Blvd. Burbank, CA 91505 Windham Hill Records 5 Willow Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025 NEW YORK RECORD LABEL CONTACTS Angel/Virgin Classics Records 810 Seventh Ave. New York, NY 10019 Arista Records 6 W. 57th St. New York, NY 10019 Atlanta Records 75 Rockefeller Plaza New York, NY 10019 Bad Boy Entertainment 1540 Broadway 30th Floor New York, NY 10036 Blackground Records 49 West 27th St. New York, NY 10001 Phone: 212-684-1975 Fax: 212-684-1624 Blue Note Records 1290 Sixth Ave. New York, NY 10019 BMG/RCA Records 1540 Broadway, 9th floor New York, NY 10036 Columbia Records 550 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10022 DAS Communications 83 Riverside Dr. New York, NY 10024Phone: 212-877-0400 Fax: 212-595-0176 East/West Records 75 Rockefeller Plaza New York, NY 10019 Ebony Son Management c/o Chaka Zulu 1867 7th Ave. , Suite 4C New York, NY 10026 Phone: 917-449-2619 Fax: 212-665-9634 [email  protected] com EMI Music Publishing NY c/o Paul Morgan 1290 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10104 Phone: 212-492-1200 Fax: 212-492-1865 [email  protected] com Island Records (Polygram) 825 Eighth Ave. New York, NY 10019 LaFace Records Flent Coleman 6 West 57th St. New York, NY 10019 Matador Records 676 Broadway New York, NY 10012 Mercury Records 825 Eighth Ave. New York, NY 10019 Nonesuch Records 90 Fifth Ave. , 16th floor New York, NY 10036 Rockwilder Entertainment Ellis Entertainment 900 South Ave. , Suite 300 Staten Island, NY 10314 Phone: 718-568-3655 Fax: 718-568-3643 [email  protected] com Sire Records 75 Reckefeller Plaza New York, NY 10019 Tommy Boy Records Ian Stemmans 902 Broadway, 13th floor New York, NY 10010 Phone: 212-777-0281 Trackmasters Entertainment 550 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10022 Phone: 212-833-7962 Fax: 212-833-4797 TVT Records Rell Lefarg 23 East 45th St. New York, NY 10003 Phone: 212-979-6410 Verve Records 825 Eighth Ave. New York, NY 10019 Warlock Records, Inc. 126 Fifth Ave. , 2nd floorNew York, NY 10011 Phone: 212-206-0800 Fax: 212-206-1949 Zomba / Jive Records Jimmy Mays 137-139 West 25th St. New York, NY 10001 Phone: 212-727-0016 OTHER U. S. RECORD LABEL CONTACTS ASCAP Moe Rodriquez, Regional Rep P. O. Box 14189 Gainesville, FL 32604 Phone: 352-377-1003 Fax: 352-377-0590 [email  protected] net A Touch of Jazz 444N. Third St. Philadelphia, PA 19123 Phone: 215-928-9192 Fax: 215-928-9487 Cash Money Records P. O. Box 547 St. Rose, LA 70087 Phone: 504-466-5115 Fax: 504-466-7575 Darkchild Entertainment 503 Doughty Rd. Pleasantville, NJ 08232 Phone: 609-652-7906 Fax: 609-407-0596 Flyte Tyme Productions 100 West 76th St. St. Edina, MN 55435 Phone: 612-897-3901 Fax: 612-897-1942 www. flytetyme. com Freeworld Entertainment 576 A Trabert Ave. NW Atlanta, GA 30309 Phone: 404-351-6680 Fax: 404-351-1354 Hardball Records Pablo Casals 350 Lincoln Rd. , Suite 316 Miami Beach, FL 33139 Phone: 305-674-7044 Fax: 305-674-7501 Keep Close Entertainment Tony Rudd 2700 SF Charles Rd Bellwood, IL 60104 Phone: 708-701-9491 LaFace Records 3350 Peachtree Rd. , Suite 1500 Atlanta, Ga 30326 Phone: 404-848-8050 Fax: 404-848-8051 PriceWriteProductions PriceOne Luke Records Julian Boothe Miami, FL Phone: 305-532-7696 Mammoth Records 101 B St.Carrboro, NC 27510 Miles Ahead Entertainment Sheila Eldridge 380 Piermont Ave. Hillsdale, NJ 07642 Phone: 201-722-1500 Fax: 201-722-1119 Rap-A-Lot Records P. O. Box 924190 Houston, TX 77292 Phone: 713-335-1600 Rounder Records 1 Camp St. Cambridge, MA 02140 Slip-N-Slide Records Keith Hamilton 99 Miami Gardens Dr. , Suite 128 Miami, FL 33169 Phone: 305-770-077 So So Def Recordings 685 Lambert Dr. Atlant a, GA 30324 Phone: 404-888-9900 Fax: 404-888-9901 Soundbwoy Entertainment Lancelot 2221 N. E. 164th, Suite 255 North Miami Beach, FL 33160 Phone: 305-769-9700 Fax: 305-769-6990 T-Luv Management 3018 Gary Drive St.Louis, MO 63121 Phone: 314-385-1848 Fax: 314-383-2393 Untouchables Entertainment Group 100 Piermont Rd. Closter, NJ 07624 Phone: 201-767-6924 Fax: 201-784-3879 Warner/Chappell Music Latin Division 763 Collins Ave. , Suite 301 Miami, FL 33139 Phone: 305-534-1010 Fax: 305-534-1082 Wish Recordings Ian Burke PMB 145, 541 10th St. Atlanta, GA 33018 Phone: 404-627-8329 Wright Stuff Records Donna Wright P. O. Box 2600 Windmere, LF 34786 Phone: 407-291-8333 ext 1 Fax: 407-291-6946 Voice: 800-222-6000 wrightstuffmanagement. com Worldwide Entertainment Kevin Wales Atlanta, GA 404-760-0599 Go To TopAdministration Login Copyright  © 2012

Summary of leaders and followers

Summary of â€Å"how to cultivate effective follower† April Wang English Composition I Professor Hampton October 25th, 2012 cultivate effective followers† 2 Summary of â€Å"How to In the article â€Å"How to cultivate effective followers†, the writer Christopher Lorenz identifies that followers who could not follow a parade in the past is playing a remarkable role during recent years, that is to say, since the followers are taken into fully account nowadays, they are becoming more efficient and play a key role in the many.However, the author also stressed that he was not going to have a debate with anyone who had great passion for leadership. According to the author, followers are divided into five types in this article: sheep, yes people, alienated followers, survivors, effective followers. In that case, some recommendations are also given to help foster efficient followers. Truly, most of the time, we do not act as a leader but a follower. Viewing that issue, Kelly, who is an industrial administration in Pittsburgh at Carnegie-Mellon University, did a research about it.Basically, it is separated in to five different sorts according to followers' various qualities in Kelly's study. First, sheep only do, if any, what the leaders let them do. They do not have their own opinions and depend on their leaders all the time. Yes people, obviously, are also a group of people who concern nothing but the tasks are given. Only when the leader is â€Å"blind†, this type of followers may be popular. Alienated followers are cynics–they hold their own ideas which are always the opposite of their leaders and never drop them. Survivors depend on their traders' tempers.Their motto is â€Å"does anything that can please leaders†. Effective followers, who are probably only imaginations, are the most ideal ones. They 3 are not afraid of taking risks, for they claim that they have equal duties for their organizations. Hence, Kelly provided some strategies to us to develop more effective followers. First, the most important thing is to create a common value which can help them work toward a same goal. For example, give customers best services and make them feel at home. Second, aim for making independent and decisive followers.For instance, leaders can allow followers to speak out, which mean they can discuss strategy plans together. Third, leaders should be willing to share powers to others. At the same time, followers will have much more opportunities to make decisions. This is a beneficial way to get everyone involved. Generally speaking, followers should be paid more attention not only by leaders but also by our whole community. When talking about this, I strongly agree with him. Here are my reasons. First, evidently, in a company, only leaders can achieve nothing. Leaders and lowers hold each other tightly toward a common destination is a best way.Thus, the author evidences us some ways, which are studied by Rober t E. Kelly, to make efficient followers. I also learnt it in my leadership class. An efficacious company needs appropriate followers to work with leaders actively to overcome obstacles. If the company is a manufacturer, it needs people to do a single thing day and night. Then, sheep followers are popular. Second, as we can see, in this article, Kelly (1989, Para 3) said, â€Å"What distinguishes effective followers from leaders is not intelligent, ability or any other qualities, but the role they play'.Definitely, everyone should 4 have the opportunity to take control, make decisions and give advice. They can choose someone who has a specialization on the task to help achieve the goal effectively, someone need not to be a leader, someone who are brave and responsible enough to take actions and changes. Last but not least, the time of being identified as a follower is much longer than being a leader; hence, everyone has the necessary to learn how to be both popular leaders and effic ient followers.When I was a freshman, I Join the student association as a leader in one of the student groups. At the same time, I also had a leader in the whole association. I should learn how to be benign to my followers, how to get along well with my colleagues, and how to be credible to my leaders. To achieve the author's goal, he does use some available writing styles, but not everything is so perfect. Logos is the most extraordinary style in this article. At first, he used two clear lists to introduce us the different kinds of followers and the ways to achieve effective followers.Second, his langue is terse and perspicuous. For example, â€Å"sheep are passive and uncritical, lacking in initiative and responsibility'. Only one sentence can tell the main characters of sheep. There are also some drawbacks. First and foremost, I think there should be some examples, when talking about different types of followers. It would more clearly. Moreover, from the whole essay, the author used too much Kelly's words. It would be better to add more opinions about himself. To sum up, I forcefully believe that followers are also taking a big issue.For one thing, no matter how little the company we stayed is, followers should be regarded as 5 equal as leaders. For another, it is strongly suggested that more attention should be taken on followers, since we are more likely a follower rather than a leader in a company. In addition, here is a virtual advice. If a leader is not willing to share power with his followers, it is hard to build ideal followers-?effective followers.