Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar

In English grammar, nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verb or an adjective (or another part  of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun. The verb form is nominalize. It is also called nouning. In transformational grammar, nominalization refers to the derivation of a noun phrase from an underlying clause. In this sense, an example of nominalization is the destruction of the city, where the noun destruction corresponds to the main verb of a clause and the city to its object (Geoffrey Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar,  2006). Examples and Observations English is truly impressive . . . in the way it lets you construct nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns; blogger and blogosphere are examples. All you have to do is add one of an assortment of suffixes: -acy (democracy), -age (patronage), -al (refusal), -ama (panorama), -ana (Americana), -ance (variance), -ant (deodorant), -dom (freedom), -edge (knowledge), -ee (lessee), -eer (engineer), -er (painter), -ery (slavery), -ese (Lebanese), -ess (laundress), -ette (launderette), -fest (lovefest), -ful (basketful), -hood (motherhood), -iac (maniac), -ian (Italian), -ie or -y (foodie, smoothy), -ion (tension, operation), -ism (progressivism), -ist (idealist), -ite (Israelite), -itude (decripitude), -ity (stupidity), -ium (tedium), -let (leaflet), -ling (earthling), -man or -woman (Frenchman), -mania (Beatlemania), -ment (government), -ness (happiness), -o (weirdo), -or (vendor), -ship (stewardship), -th (length), and -tude (gratitude). . . . At the present moment, everybody seems to be going a bit nuts with noun creation. Journalists and bloggers seem to believe that a sign of being ironic and hip is to coin nouns with such suffixes as -fest (Google baconfest and behold what you find), -athon, -head (Deadhead, Parrothead, gearhead), -oid, -orama, and -palooza. (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway, 2007) Nominalization in Scientific and Technical Writing The forces which operate to encourage nominalization are understandable. Dealing continually in concepts, scientific and technical writers tend to isolate activities such as experimenting, measuring, and analysing as abstract conceptual units in their minds. They are also pushed towards passive constructions, both by tradition and by their own desire to step aside and allow their work to speak for itself. These forces produce characteristic constructions such as: A similar experiment was carried out using the material . . .Sigma preparation was carried out as described . . . So common has carried out become as a general purpose verb that it is a recognized marker of scientific reporting, and television news bulletins commonly adopt the construction when reporting scientific work. . . .Once recognized, nominalization is easy to correct. Whenever you see general-purpose verbs such as carry out, perform, undertake, or conduct look for the word which names the action. Turning the name of the activity back into a verb (preferably active) will undo the nominalization, and make the sentence more direct and easier to read.(Christopher Turk and Alfred John Kirkman, Effective Writing: Improving Scientific, Technical, and Business Communication, 2nd ed. Chapman Hall, 1989) The Dark Side of Nominalization It’s not just that nominalization can sap the vitality of one’s speech or prose; it can also eliminate context and mask any sense of agency. Furthermore, it can make something that is nebulous or fuzzy seem stable, mechanical and precisely defined. . . .Nominalizations give priority to actions rather than to the people responsible for them. Sometimes this is apt, perhaps because we don’t know who is responsible or because responsibility isn’t relevant. But often they conceal power relationships and reduce our sense of what’s truly involved in a transaction. As such, they are an instrument of manipulation, in politics and in business. They emphasize products and results, rather than the processes by which products and results are achieved. (Henry Hitchings, The Dark Side of Verbs-as-Nouns. The New York Times, April 5, 2013) Types of Nominalization Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place (see also Langacker 1991). . . . [T]hree types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of the word (e.g. teacher, Sams washing of the windows), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sams washing the windows) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. that Sam washed the windows). The latter two types deviate from the normal rank scale of units in that they represent nominals or phrases which consist of clausal or clause-like structures. They have therefore been regarded as problematic, and it has even be claimed that that-structures are not nominalizations (e.g., Dik 1997; McGregor 1997). (Liesbet Heyvaert, A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003) Nominalizations properly refer to third-order entities, e.g. Cooking involves irreversible chemical changes, in which cooking refers to the process as a generic type, abstracted from a particular token instance at a specific time. A second kind of nominalization involves reference to second-order entities. Here reference is to particular countable tokens of processes, e.g. The cooking took five hours. The third kind of nominalization has been called improper (Vendler 1968). This refers to first-order entities, things with physical substance and often extended in space, e.g. I like Johns cooking, which refers to the food which results from the cooking, (the RESULT OF ACTION AS ACTION metonymy). (Andrew Goatly, Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. John Benjamins, 2007)

Historical Events Portrayed During War Films - 1380 Words

Historians do not agree with historical events portrayed in war films because films don’t always portray the facts. For this reason, historians might discredit the film but it’s not Hollywood’s job to inform or tell the truth. Hollywood is the business of entertainment that fulfills the fantasies that people want to see. Through films the audience gets the feelings and understanding of a historical time period, plus satisfaction of entertainment. The director’s give their point of view mixed with drama and understanding of the account of history. Even though feature films aren’t all facts, they should still be credited because they portray the emotions of a historical time period. Oliver stone was an American film director who also served†¦show more content†¦The combat felt as real as it could be. Many war veterans thought they can relate to Platoon as it showed wars brutality and carnage. Which resembled most of the realities of the being in the Vietnam War. For example, in one of the scenes of Platoon American soldiers stormed a civilian population Vietnamese village and burned it to the ground. Charlie Sheen, who resembled as Stones cinematic image, tormented a Vietnamese civilian by shooting at his feet and telling him to dance. After that, one of the characters named bunny brutally murdered the farmer with his butt stock of his rifle. The brains of the victim started pouring out of his crushed skull. American soldiers were interrogating and slaughtering the inhabitants like barbarians, some even tried raping a peasant girl. This scene â€Å"we see unfolding before us is My Lai†¦in the making†¦a context that closely mirrored the Vietnam experience of many American GIs (Davidson Lytle p443).† In reality this event was marked as the â€Å"My Lai massacreâ €  in which many women and innocent infants were killed by the US army soldiers of â€Å"Charlie Company†. Although, the scene is altered and does not show what exactly happened at My Lai, its Stones version and point of view of how the event at My Lai happened. It should not be discredited because it still gives an understanding and account of history to the viewers. Similar to the Platoon another war film named â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† by Steven Spielberg

Xyz Car Company Strategic Planning - 1044 Words

XYZ Car Company Strategic Planning As the new CEO representing the XYZ Car Company, operating in the U.S., Japan and Germany, it would serve the company to support and function as a cultural diversity organization. These cultural changes should be to adapt to multi-diversity and acceptable organizational behaviors. Culture and Diversity XYZ Car Company production lines are located in the U.S., Japan and Germany. Therefore, managing diversity means utilizing the experience and background that employees bring to the workplace. Workplace diversity is also creating a positive and friendly environment that is practiced by all employees upon hiring and reinforced through discussions (performance evaluation, biweekly supervision, staff†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sociological conceptions of culture are typically interested in the instrumental values according to which organisation members coordinate their activity and through which they attempt to achieve their goals† (Dempsey, 2015, p. 322). â€Å"In a bureaucratic setting, the predictability of behavior and the probability that it will be functional in organizational terms are greatly enhanced by the limited number of behavioral alternatives† (Presthus, 1958, p. 56). Japan Culture Stereotype and the actual culture of Japanese employees and the success of these companies should be taken into consideration. Research has found that â€Å"Japanese employees have unusually strong identification with the company, but not necessarily high job satisfaction or strong commitment to the performance of specific job tasks† (Lincoln Kalleberg, 1985, p.738). The Japanese workers have longer work hours, low wages and yet have higher loyalty of employees. It is speculated that Japanese Managers have contributed towards the success of the company and held to higher standards to ensure productivity from their employees. Japanese companies will look to and respect the senior workers, which demonstrates respect and appropriate organization behaviors. As employees turn to their mentors for advice, they make fewer mistakes on the job, cutting losses to the employer (Tingum, 2016). Overall, there are less satisfied employees than any other countries compared Japan and we need toShow MoreRelatedSMU MBA SEM 2 SUMMER 2015 ASSIGNMENTS1436 Words   |  6 Pagespure strategies used in aggregate planning. 6 Answer the following questions: a. Explain the classification of scheduling strategies. b. List the distinctive differences between the scheduling followed for manufacturing and services MB0045- FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 1 Critically analyze the four broad areas of strategic financing decision. Four broad areas of strategic financing decision 2 What is FVIFA ? Is it different from Sinking fund factor ? 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SWOT Matrix Analysis Verizon

Question: Discuss about the SWOT Matrix Analysis for Verizon. Answer: Helpful to achieving the objective Harmful to achieving the objective Internal origin (attributes of the system) Strengths The brand name of Verizon is globally identified and has brand attraction for the customers. String Reputation across the U.S. Verizon has very less competitor and works with a joint venture, Vodafone group thus increasing their strength in the business field. Largest cell Carrier It has approximately 98 % of its users in US used in the market. Strong financial performance It provides a wide variety of network service like fixed line, wireless and internet television and consists of more than 190,000 employees (Verizon.com 2015). Weaknesses Provide service only in U.S not internationally The weakness of Verizon is that it charges more money than its competitors for providing their service 3G service sometimes not allowed customers in data usage and voice calling simultaneously Online customer account management is not user friendly The presence of Verizon is mainly in U.S and for its global business it works with Vodafone and other established telecom partners (Verizonwireless.com, 2016). External origin (attributes of the environment) Opportunities The customer looks for new technology and updated product in the minimum price range. High Speed internet service 100% GPS over U.S Company promoted to increase their business worldwide Thus Verizon should analyze the customer requirements and apply new technologies and innovations in their products. Launch fushion of a cell with ipods 2-way paging The business can be diversified in multiple fields such as expanding in audio conferencing, expansion globally and VOIP business growth (Verizonwireless.com, 2016). Threats Advancement in new technologies obsoletes the networking process and the products. There is a strong competition regarding the pricing of the service between the competitors The company might face legal issues and cannibalization due to wireless and VOIP service offered Federal Communications Commission. Demand of landline is decreasing incredibly (Verizon.com 2015). References Verizon.com (2015). 2015 Annual Report, Verion. Retrieved 11 September 2016, from https://www.verizon.com/about/sites/default/files/annual/verizon-annual-2015/downloads/15_vz_ar.pdf Verizonwireless.com (2016). Verizon Wireless Network Extender. Retrieved 11 September 2016, from https://www.verizonwireless.com/dam/support/pdf/network_extender_user_manual.pdf